[Uncovering the molecular mechanisms behind steroidal saponin accumulation in Liriope muscari (Decne.) Baily through transcriptome sequencing and bioinformatics analysis].

The leaves and roots of Liriope muscari (Decne.) Baily were subjected to high-throughput Illumina transcriptome sequencing. Bioinformatics analysis was used to investigate the enzyme genes and key transcription factors involved in regulating the accumulation of steroidal saponins, which are the main active ingredient in L. muscari. These analyses aimed to reveal the molecular mechanism behind steroidal saponin accumulation. The sequencing results of L. muscari revealed 31 enzymes, including AACT, CAS, DXS and DXR, that are involved in the synthesis of steroidal saponins. Among these enzymes, 16 were in the synthesis of terpenoid skeleton, 3 were involved in the synthesis of sesquiterpene and triterpene, and 12 were involved in the synthesis of steroidal compound. Differential gene expression identified 15 metabolic enzymes coded by 34 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the leaves and roots, which were associated with steroidal saponin synthesis. Further analysis using gene co-expression patterns showed that 14 metabolic enzymes coded by 31 DEGs were co-expressed. In addition, analysis using gene co-expression analysis and PlantTFDB's transcription factor analysis tool predicted the involvement of 8 transcription factors, including GAI, PIF4, PIL6, ERF8, SVP, LHCA4, NF-YB3 and DOF2.4, in regulating 6 metabolic enzymes such as DXS, DXR, HMGR, DHCR7, DHCR24, and CAS. These eight transcription factors were predicted to play important roles in regulating steroidal saponin accumulation in L. muscari. Promoter analysis of these transcription factors indicated that their main regulatory mechanisms involve processes such as abscisic acid response, drought-induction stress response and light response, especially abscisic acid responsive elements (ABRE) response and MYB binding site involved in drought-inducibility (MBS) response pathway. Furthermore, qRT-PCR analysis of these eight key transcription factors demonstrated their specific differences in the leaves and roots.

Quality variation of maidong (Ophiopogon japonicus and Liriope spicata) - A HPTLC-based approach.

The tuberous roots of Ophiopogon japonicus and Liriope spicata are used for the same therapeutic purpose in traditional Chinese medicine and are collectively referred to as maidong medicine. Interestingly, it was observed that the price of tuberous roots varies depending on their location on the plant, and fibrous roots are usually discarded post-harvest. Mislabeling might be of concern due to similarities in morphological features between the two species. Moreover, paclobutrazol has been observed to be heavily applied during the production, and therefore might be of health concern. Overall, maidong might suffer from quality inconsistencies while its metabolomic complexity is influenced by growing region and cultivation practices, botanical species, and plant parts. To address these challenges, this study employed High-Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) approach, in which sample preparation and derivatization procedure were optimized to enable to capture more detailed and comprehensive metabolomic fingerprints. By integrating with rTLC algorithm and Multivariate Data Analysis (MVDA), an improved quality assessment was achieved. Samples were collected from four production regions and supplemented with commercial products from markets. The optimized HPTLC analysis recognized species- and region-specific metabolomic patterns of maidong, uncovering a 4% of mislabelled cases. Moreover, findings highlight the underexplored therapeutic potential of fibrous roots, and comparable therapeutic efficacy between different root types. Additionally, complemented by Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS) for paclobutrazol residue evaluation, 24.66% of the commercial maidong samples surpassed maximum residue limits of paclobutrazol, raising safety concerns. This research represents a significant analytical advancement, offering a robust, cost-effective, and comprehensive method for maidong quality control, and paving the way for more strict residue regulation and updates to herbal pharmacopoeias and monographs.

Ethanol Extract of Liriope platyphylla Root Attenuates Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in High-Fat Diet-Induced Obese Mice via Regulation of Lipogenesis and Lipid Uptake.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a common metabolic disorder that causes excess lipid accumulation in the liver and is the leading cause of end-stage liver disease. Liriope platyphylla is a medicinal herb that has long been used to treat cough, obesity, and diabetes. However, the effect of Liriope platyphylla on NAFLD has not been studied. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Liriope platyphylla root ethanolic extract (LPE) on hepatic lipid accumulation in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mice. Six-week-old C57BL/6 male mice were fed a HFD for 8 weeks and then treated with LPE (100 or 250 mg/kg/day) by oral gavage for another 8 weeks. Body weight gain and liver weight were significantly lower in the 250 mg/kg LPE-treated HFD group than in the vehicle-treated HFD group. Histological analysis of liver sections demonstrated that LPE treatment reduced lipid accumulation compared to the vehicle treatment. The serum total cholesterol, AST, and ALT levels significantly decreased in the LPE-treated HFD group compared to those in the vehicle-treated HFD group. The LPE significantly decreases the protein expression levels of SREBP1, ACC, p-ACC, FAS, and SCD1, which are involved in lipogenesis, and PPARγ, CD36/FAT, and FATP5, which are involved in fatty acid uptake, both in vivo and in vitro. Thus, LPE may attenuate HFD-induced NAFLD by decreasing lipid accumulation by inhibiting lipogenesis and fatty acid uptake.

Quantum dots combined with a fluorescence-linked immunosorbent assay for detecting the metabolic balance of DT-13 excretion in rats.

Saponin monomer 13 of the dwarf lilyturf tuber (DT-13) is a steroidal saponin component isolated from the tuber of Liriope muscari (Decne.) Bailey that exhibits multiple pharmacological activities. We used a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method and MetaboLynx XS software to investigate the metabolites of DT-13 in vivo and obtained potential metabolites and changes in functional groups during the formation of metabolites from the substrate. The main metabolites obtained had the ruscogenin (RUS) backbone structure. We also report a competitive fluorescence-linked immunosorbent assay (FLISA) based on monoclonal antibodies (MABS) conjugated with quantum dots (QDs) for rapid and sensitive quantitative analysis of DT-13 and its metabolite levels in biological samples. Using this method, the DT-13 levels detected in rat urine and feces displayed a good linear relationship within the corresponding linear ranges. The DT-13 recovery rate ranged from 85.28 to 101.40%, with a relative standard deviation of 2.96-9.26%. The method was successfully applied to study the distribution of DT-13 excretion in rats after oral administration. DT-13 was primarily excreted in the urine after metabolism. This study provides a new tool for pharmacokinetic studies of DT-13 and other active substances for which the analysis efficacy does not match the bioavailability or that are difficult to study using isotope labeling.

Liriopesides B induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in human non­small cell lung cancer cells.

Although significant progress has been made in the treatment of lung cancer, it remains the leading cause of cancer­associated mortality. Liriopesides B (LPB) is a natural product isolated from the tuber of Liriope platyphylla, whose effective substances have exhibited antitumor activity in several types of cancer. However, the functions of LPB in non­small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) require further investigation. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate whether LPB influences the pathogenic effects of NSCLC. In the present study, it was demonstrated that LPB reduced proliferation, and induced apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in non­small cell lung cancer cells. CCK­8 and colony formation assays demonstrated that LPB decreased cell viability and proliferation of H460 and H1975 cells in a dose­dependent manner. Flow cytometry revealed that LPB significantly induced apoptosis of NSCLC cells, along with changes in the expression of apoptosis­associated proteins, including an increase in Bax, caspase­3, and caspase­8 expression, and a decrease in Bcl­2 and Bcl­xl expression. LPB inhibited the progression of the cell cycle from the G1 to the S phase. Furthermore, autophagy was increased in cells treated with LPB. Finally, the expression of programmed death­ligand 1 was significantly decreased by LPB. In conclusion, the results of the present study highlight a potential novel strategy for the clinical treatment of NSCLC.

DT-13 induced apoptosis and promoted differentiation of acute myeloid leukemia cells by activating AMPK-KLF2 pathway.

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a malignant disease originating from hematopoietic stem cells (HSC). Chemotherapy and/or HSC transplantation is unsatisfactory due to serious side effects, multidrug resistance, and high relapse rate. Thus, alternative strategies are urgently needed to develop more effective therapies. Liriope muscari baily saponins C (DT-13) is a novel compound isolated from Liriope muscari (Decne.) Baily, and exhibited a potent cytotoxicity against several solid tumors. However, the anti-AML activity of DT-13 and the potential mechanisms are still unknown. This study is the first to demonstrate that DT-13 had preferential cytotoxicity against AML cells, and remarkably inhibited proliferation and colony forming ability. Moreover, DT-13 induced the death receptor pathway-dependent apoptosis of HL-60 and Kasumi-1 cells by up-regulating Fas, FasL, DR5 and TRAIL as well as promoted the cleavage of caspase 8, caspase 3 and PARP. Meanwhile, DT-13 induced the differentiation with morphological change related to myeloid differentiation, elevated NBT and α-NAE positive cell rates, differentiation markers CD11b and CD14 as well as level of transcription factors C/EBPα and C/EBPß. RNA-sequencing analysis revealed that KLF2 may be one of the potential targets regulated by DT-13. Further studies indicated that KLF2 played a critical role in DT-13-induced apoptosis and differentiation. Moreover, activation of AMPK-FOXO was proved to be the upstream of KLF2 pathway that contributed to the induction of apoptosis and differentiation by DT-13. Additionally, restoration of KLF2 by DT-13 was highly correlated with the AMPK-related histone acetylation mechanisms. Finally, DT-13 exhibited an obvious anti-AML effect in NOD/SCID mice with the engraftment of HL-60 cells. Our study suggests that DT-13 may serve as a novel agent for AML by AMPL-KLF2-mediated apoptosis and differentiation.

Photosynthetic performance and growth responses of Liriope muscari (Decne.) L.H. Bailey (Asparagaceae) planted within poplar forests having different canopy densities.

BACKGROUND: Liriope muscari (Decne.) L.H. Bailey is a valuable horticultural and medicinal plant that grows under a range of light intensities, from high to low, in the understories of shrubs. To understand how this species adapts to these various environments, we selected two groups of lilyturf growing under poplar trees at two different spacings. Each group was divided into three types, open field, forest edge and shaded forest with high, medium and low irradiance levels, respectively, and then we examined their photosynthetic characteristics, physiology and biomasses. RESULTS: Light saturation point, light compensation point and in situ net photosynthetic rate (PN) were highest in lilyturf growing under high light. In contrast, lilyturf growing under low light had a higher apparent quantum yield and Chl a and b contents, indicating that they adapted to low light. Although the leaves of lilyturf growing under low light were small, their root tubers were heavier. CONCLUSIONS: The research demonstrates the eco-physiological basis of lilyturf's shade adaptation mechanism as indicated by photosynthetic activity, chlorophyll fluorescence, Chl a, Chl b and Car contents when grown under different irradiances. We believe that lilyturf is a shade-tolerant plant suitable for planting in undergrowth, but attention should be paid to the canopy density of the forest when interplanting. The findings presented here advance our understanding of the photosynthetic characteristics of understory plants and may assist in the optimization of irradiances in the future.

DT-13 inhibits breast cancer cell migration via non-muscle myosin II-A regulation in tumor microenvironment synchronized adaptations.

BACKGROUND: Tumor metastasis is a terrifying characteristic of cancer. Numerous studies have been conducted to overcome metastasis by targeting tumor microenvironment (TME). However, due to complexity of tumor microenvironment, it remained difficult for accurate targeting. Dwarf-lillytruf tuber monomer-13 (DT-13) possess good potential against TME. OBJECTIVE: As TME is supportive for tumor metastasis, alternatively it is a challenging for therapeutic intervention. In our present study, we explored molecular mechanism through which TME induced cell migration and how DT-13 interferes in this mechanism. METHODS: We used a novel model of co-culture system which is eventually developed in our lab. Tumor cells were co-cultured with hypoxia induced cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAF) or with chemically induced cancer-associated adipocytes (CAA). The effect of hypoxia in conditioned medium for CAF was assessed through expression of α-SMA and HIF by western blotting while oil red staining was done to assess the successful chemical induction for adipocytes (CAA), the effect of TME through conditioned medium on cell migration was analyzed by trans-well cell migration, and cell motility (wound healing) analyses. The expression changes in cellular proteins were assessed through western blotting and immunofluorescent studies. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Our results showed that tumor microenvironment has a direct role in promoting breast cancer cell migration by stromal cells; moreover, we found that DT-13 restricts this TME regulated cell migration via targeting stromal cells in vitro. Additionally we also found that DT-13 targets NMII-A for its effect on breast cancer cell migration for the regulation of stromal cells in TME.

Efficacy and safety of Ojeok-san plus Saengmaek-san for gastroesophageal reflux-induced chronic cough: protocol for a pilot, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a major cause of chronic cough. GERD-induced chronic cough is difficult to diagnose because some patients do not complain of any gastrointestinal (GI) reflux symptoms. Although chronic cough due to GERD is highly prevalent, no effective treatment is currently available, especially for GERD-related cough without GI symptoms. Because the herbal medicines Ojeok-san and Saengmaek-san can effectively treat GERD and cough, we aim to evaluate the efficacy and safety of a combination of these components for relieving chronic cough due to GERD. METHODS/DESIGN: This is a study protocol of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, single-center pilot trial. After a 1-week run-in period, a total of 30 patients with GERD-induced chronic cough will be randomly allocated to an intervention group (n = 15) or a placebo group (n = 15). Participants will receive 5.76 g of Ojeok-san plus Saengmaek-san or a placebo three times per day for 6 weeks. The primary outcome measures, which are the frequency and severity of cough, will be recorded using a cough diary. The secondary outcome measures will include a cough visual analogue scale, the Leicester Cough Questionnaire (Korean version), the Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale, the Hull Airway Reflux (hypersensitivity) Questionnaire, the Pattern Identification for Chronic Cough Questionnaire, the Pattern Identification for Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease, and safety testing. Adverse events will also be reported. DISCUSSION: This will be the first clinical trial to explore the use of herbal medicines for GERD-related chronic cough, including patients without GI reflux symptoms. This study will provide useful evidence regarding the efficacy and safety of Ojeok-san plus Saengmaek-san treatment. In addition, this trial will offer a scientific basis for the combination of herbal medicines. This study will also provide important data for conducting a larger-scale clinical trial on GERD-induced chronic cough. TRIAL REGISTRATION: This trial has been registered with Clinical Research Information Service (CRIS) of South Korea (http://cris.nih.go.kr; registration number KCT0003115). Registered August 28, 2018.

Effects of spicatoside A isolated from the tuberous roots of Liriope platyphylla on ovalbumin-induced asthma in mice.

The tuberous roots of Liriope platyphylla (Liriopis Tuber; LT) is traditionally used in Korean Medicine for treating colds, cough, and sputum production. In this study, we investigated the effect of spicatoside A isolated from LT methanol extract on ovalbumin (OVA)-sensitized/challenged asthmatic mice. For induction of allergic asthma, BALB/c mice were sensitized with OVA by an intraperitoneal injection at three times a week, and then challenged into the nasal cavities using a nebulizer. Spicatoside A at dose of 1mg/kg body weight was treated in mice with an oral administration once daily for a week during OVA challenge. The concentrations of OVA-specific IgE, IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13 were measured in the sera or bronchoalveolar lavage fluids (BALF) of mice by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The numbers of total cells, macrophages, lymphocytes, neutrophils and eosinophils were counted in BALFs using Diff-Quik staining, and histopathological changes of lung tissues were observed by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), Periodic acid Schiff (PAS) and Masson's trichrome staining. The purity of spicatoside A was 98.1% with a white powder (yield: 465.6mg). The treatment of spicatoside A in asthmatic mice significantly decreased the production of allergic mediator, OVA-specific IgE and Th2 cytokines, IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13 in sera and BALF. The numbers of inflammatory cells such as macrophages, lymphocytes, neutrophils and eosinophils in BALF of asthmatic mice were significantly reduced by the treatment of spicatoside A. Furthermore, the treatment of spicatoside A in asthmatic mice inhibited the structural damages of lung tissues with thickened bronchiolar epithelium and infiltration of inflammatory cells, the accumulation of mucus by the goblet cells hyperplasia and collagen in the bronchioles. These results suggest that spicatoside A of LT has a preventive effect on allergic asthma through the inhibition of lung inflammation and allergic response.

[Evaluation of scavenging activity of hydrogen peroxide in different origins of Liropes Radix by HPLC-UV-CL system].

The hydrogen peroxide generation system was used to analyze the scavenging activity of hydrogen peroxide by Liropes Radix from different origins by HPLC-UV-CL. The UV-CL fingerprints of Liropes Radix from different origins were evaluated,and the HPLC-UV and LC-CL fingerprints were systematically analyzed and evaluated. The results showed that the ether fractions of Liriope spicata var. prolifera and L. muscari had good scavenging activity of hydrogen peroxide,and the total activity of different origins varied greatly,while the similar samples had similar activities. The total antioxidant activity of L. muscari is higher than that of L. spicata var.prolifera. The similarity analysis of the two fingerprints was carried out by two different analytical methods. The chemical fingerprints and the active fingerprints have different characteristics. The contribution of each fingerprint to the total peak area and total activity is also different. There are significant differences between the two different fingerprint clustering results.

Spicatoside A derived from Liriope platyphylla root ethanol extract inhibits hepatitis E virus genotype 3 replication in vitro.

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is the causative agent of hepatitis E in humans worldwide. Although hepatitis E is self-limiting without chronic infection development, HEV infection often leads to severe liver diseases causing high mortality in pregnant women in addition to chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis in immunosuppressed patients. In this study, we investigated the effect of a Liriope platyphylla ethanol extract (LPE) on HEV replication. Interestingly, LPE suppressed replication of the genotype 3 HEV replicon. Sequential solvent fractionation revealed that the ethyl acetate (EA) fraction of LPE exerts the most potent inhibitory effects. With the aid of activity-guided fractionation and multi-step column chromatography, spicatoside A was subsequently isolated in the EA fraction of LPE and specifically shown to exert inhibitory effects on replication of the genotype 3 HEV replicon. In addition, spicatoside A interfered with replication of the HEV genotype 3 strain 47832c and expression of HEV ORF2 capsid proteins. Our findings clearly support the potential utility of spicatoside A as an effective anti-HEV agent.

Synergic Laxative Effects of an Herbal Mixture of Liriope platyphylla, Glycyrrhiza uralensis, and Cinnamomum cassia in Loperamide-Induced Constipation of Sprague Dawley Rats.

Constipation is an acute or chronic illness attributed to various causes, ranging from lifestyle habits to side effects of a disease. To improve the laxative effects of some traditional medicines, herbal mixtures of Liriope platyphylla, Glycyrrhiza uralensis, and Cinnamomum cassia (LGC) were evaluated for their mechanism of action and therapeutic effects in loperamide (Lop)-induced constipated Sprague Dawley rats by examining alterations in excretion parameters, histological structure, mucin secretion, and related protein levels. Food intake and water consumption were constant for all animals. We observed that the Lop+LGC-treated group had significantly greater excretion of stool and urine than was observed in the Lop+Vehicle-treated group. Administration of LGC in the constipation model restored the intestinal transit ratio to normal levels, and increased the number of goblet cells, mucosal layer, and muscle thickness. Mucin secretion was greater in the Lop+LGC-treated group than in the Lop+Vehicle-treated group, and the expression of MUC2 and AQP8 genes were also increased. In addition, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and Western blot revealed an increase in the muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) in the Lop+LGC-treated group compared to the Lop+Vehicle-treated group. Furthermore, compared with the Lop+Vehicle-treated group, treatment with LGC reduced the phosphorylation of PKC and PI3K, and expression of Gα protein, but increased levels of IP3. Our results suggest that the traditional herbal mixture of LGC induces a potent laxative effect in Lop-induced constipation through mucosal tissue changes and mucin production. We also demonstrated that the laxative effect of LGC is closely related to the expression of mAChR and its downstream signals, suggesting the possibility of developing a constipation-laxative agent using LGC.

DT-13 inhibited the proliferation of colorectal cancer via glycolytic metabolism and AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway.

BACKGROUND: Emerging hallmark of cancer is reprogrammed cellular metabolism, increased glycolytic metabolism is physiological characteristic of human malignant neoplasms. Saponin monomer 13 of the dwarf lilyturf tuber (DT-13) is the main steroidal saponin from Liriopes Radix, which has been reported to exert anti-inflammation and anti-tumor activities but low toxicity to normal tissue. However, the effect of DT-13 on metabolism process is still unclear. PURPOSE: This study aims to characterize the role of DT-13 in glucose metabolism in colorectal cancer cells, and investigate whether the metabolism process is involved in the anti-cancer response of DT-13. METHODS: Colony formation assay was employed to determine anti-proliferative effect induced by DT-13 at 2.5, 5, 10 µM. Apoptosis and cell cycle arrest were detected by Annexin V/PI staining and PI staining, respectively. Genetic inhibition of glycolytic metabolism was carried out by knockdown of GLUT1. Orthotopic implantation mouse model of colorectal cancer was used to assess in vivo antitumor effect of DT-13 (0.625, 1.25, 2.5 mg/kg). The chemoprevention effect of DT-13 (10mg/kg) was evaluated by using C57BL/6J APCmin mice model. Glycolytic-related key enzymes and AMPK pathway were detected by using quantitative real-time PCR, western blotting, and immunohistochemical staining. RESULTS: Our results showed that cell proliferation was significantly inhibited by DT-13 in a dose-dependent manner. DT-13 inhibited glucose uptake, ATP generation, and reduced lactate production. Furthermore, DT-13 remarkably inhibited GLUT1 expression in both mRNA and protein levels. Knocking down of GLUT1 led to reduced inhibition of glucose uptake after DT-13 treatment. Moreover, deletion of GLUT1 decreased inhibitory ratio of DT-13 on cancer growth. Orthotopic implantation mouse model of colorectal cancer further confirmed that DT-13 inhibited colorectal cancer growth via blocking GLUT1 in vivo. In addition, C57BL/6J APCmin mice model revealed that DT-13 dramatically reduced the total number of spontaneous adenomas in intestinal, which further confirmed the anti-tumor activity of DT-13 in colorectal cancer. Furthermore, the mechanistically investigation showed DT-13 activated AMPK and inhibited m-TOR to block cancer growth in vitro. CONCLUSION: DT-13 is a potent anticancer agent for colorectal cancer.

Spicatoside A in red Liriope platyphylla displays a laxative effect in a constipation rat model via regulating mAChRs and ER stress signaling.

Red Liriope platyphylla extract (EtRLP) has been used as an oriental medicine for treatment of several chronic conditions, such as neurodegenerative disorders, diabetes, and obesity. To investigate the laxative activity of EtRLP, the levels of key constipation markers and their molecular regulators were examined following administration of EtRLP in constipation Sprague Dawley (SD) rats treated with loperamide (Lop). Compared with the Lop+Vehicle­treated group, the excretion levels of urine and stool were significantly enhanced in the Lop+EtRLP­treated group, even though feeding levels were kept constant. There was a significant improvement in histological structure, cytological ultrastructure and mucin secretion in transverse colon sections from the Lop+EtRLP­treated group, compared with the Lop+Vehicle­treated group. The Lop+EtRLP­treated group exhibited a rapid recovery of the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR) signaling pathway and of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response, compared with Lop+Vehicle­treated group. Spicatoside A, one of the key components detected in EtRLP, recovered the levels of inositol triphosphate (IP3) and Gα in primary rat intestinal smooth muscle cells (pRISMCs). Taken together, the present results indicated that spicatoside A­containing EtRLP had therapeutic effects against Lop­induced constipation in SD rats via improvement of the mAChR downstream signaling pathway and the ER stress response.

Evaluation of scavenging activity of hydrogen peroxide in different origins of Liropes Radix by HPLC-UV-CL system / 中国中药杂志

The hydrogen peroxide generation system was used to analyze the scavenging activity of hydrogen peroxide by Liropes Radix from different origins by HPLC-UV-CL. The UV-CL fingerprints of Liropes Radix from different origins were evaluated,and the HPLC-UV and LC-CL fingerprints were systematically analyzed and evaluated. The results showed that the ether fractions of Liriope spicata var. prolifera and L. muscari had good scavenging activity of hydrogen peroxide,and the total activity of different origins varied greatly,while the similar samples had similar activities. The total antioxidant activity of L. muscari is higher than that of L. spicata var.prolifera. The similarity analysis of the two fingerprints was carried out by two different analytical methods. The chemical fingerprints and the active fingerprints have different characteristics. The contribution of each fingerprint to the total peak area and total activity is also different. There are significant differences between the two different fingerprint clustering results.

[Comparative analysis of multiple index constituents in Ophiopogonis Radix and Liriopes Radix].

An analytical method based on UFLC-QTRAP-MS/MS was established for simultaneous determination of thirty-three components including steroidal saponins, homoisoflavonoids, amino acids and nucleosides in Ophiopogonis Radix. Thirty-three target components of commercial medicinal materials of Maidong were comparative analysis. Synergi™ Hydro-RP 100 column (2.0 mm × 100 mm, 2.5 µm) was used with 0.1% formic acid solution-0.1% formic acid acetonitrile for gradient elution at a flow rate of 0.4 mL·min⁻¹. In addition, multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode was employed. The data were comprehensively processed and analyzed with hierarchical clustering analysis(HCA), principal component analysis(PCA) and partial least squares discriminant analysis(PLS-DA) methods. All components showed good linearity(r>0.999 0) within the tested ranges. The average recoveries were between 96.23%-102.0%, and the relative standard deviation(RSD) were less than 5%. The results showed that there were significant differences in components between Ophiopogonis Radix and Liriopes Radix, with seven components obviously different. This method was useful for providing basis for the comprehensive evaluation and intrinsic quality control of Ophiopogonis Radix and Liriopes Radix , and may provide a new method reference for the identification of Ophiopogonis Radix and Liriopes Radix.

Recent advances in polysaccharides from Ophiopogon japonicus and Liriope spicata var. prolifera.

O. japonicus and L. spicata var. prolifera are distinguished as sources of highly promising yin-tonifying medicinals, namely Ophiopogonis Radix and Liriopes Radix. Liriopes Radix is generally medicinally used as a substitute for Ophiopogonis Radix in various prescriptions due to their extremely similar nature. Ophiopogonis Radix and Liriopes Radix are both very rich in bioactive polysaccharides, especially ß­fructans. Over the past twelve years, except for work on physical entrapment and chemical modification of obtained ß­fructans, the vast majority of studies are carried out to investigate the bioactivities of O. japonicus polysaccharides (OJP) and L. spicata var. prolifera polysaccharides (LSP), mainly including anti-diabetes, immunomodulation, anti-inflammation, antioxidation, anti-obesity, cardiovascular protection, etc. In addition, OJP and LSP are considered to have the potential to regulate intestinal flora. The main purpose of this review is to provide systematically reorganized information on structural characteristics and bioactivities of OJP and LSP to support their further therapeutic potentials and sanitarian functions.

Comparative analysis of multiple index constituents in Ophiopogonis Radix and Liriopes Radix / 中国中药杂志

An analytical method based on UFLC-QTRAP-MS/MS was established for simultaneous determination of thirty-three components including steroidal saponins, homoisoflavonoids, amino acids and nucleosides in Ophiopogonis Radix. Thirty-three target components of commercial medicinal materials of Maidong were comparative analysis. Synergi™ Hydro-RP 100 column (2.0 mm × 100 mm, 2.5 μm) was used with 0.1% formic acid solution-0.1% formic acid acetonitrile for gradient elution at a flow rate of 0.4 mL·min⁻¹. In addition, multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode was employed. The data were comprehensively processed and analyzed with hierarchical clustering analysis(HCA), principal component analysis(PCA) and partial least squares discriminant analysis(PLS-DA) methods. All components showed good linearity(>0.999 0) within the tested ranges. The average recoveries were between 96.23%-102.0%, and the relative standard deviation(RSD) were less than 5%. The results showed that there were significant differences in components between Ophiopogonis Radix and Liriopes Radix, with seven components obviously different. This method was useful for providing basis for the comprehensive evaluation and intrinsic quality control of Ophiopogonis Radix and Liriopes Radix , and may provide a new method reference for the identification of Ophiopogonis Radix and Liriopes Radix.

[Comparison of development condition of different Liriope spicata seedlings].

The study identified the main morphological index of the seedlings classification including seedling age,the root width and number of newborn buds and coarse roots, according to the local agricultural production techniques and assessment of Liriope spicata's growth and development condition. After carrying on K cluster analysis of the morphological, we separated the seedlings into two levels. The first level (Ⅰ)： the new talent with the root width exceeding two point five millimeters, the new born buds exceeding three, and with the coarse root exceeding one. The second level (Ⅱ)： the old talent with the root width below one millimeters, the newborn buds below two and without coarse root. The study surveyed the plants' growth index dynamics, as well as the yield and quality of the tuberous root. The experimental results suggested that the growth condition of seedling Ⅰwas better, the yield of earthnut higher, the quality of earthnut more excellent. The study lied the foundation of L. spicata's grading standards and standardized production.